An Analytical Review Of The Current Literature - 825 Words

The main objective of this assignment was to conduct an analytical review of the current literature, which involved a comprehensive view of the article’s strengths and weakness towards higher education in the country of Argentina and Finland. After, reading the article I found several interesting procedures implemented in each countries approach in fully meeting their own individual expectations. Strengths of the Article: The article takes an in-depth view of the history of the two countries, and how impactful the social role as been in shaping higher education institutions. Yet, both countries have the best educational system in the world, it’s hard to imagine why the social role would shape the perception of these two countries. Although, both countries tend to mirror each other from a functionally approach such as; government funding, to free education for all its citizens. Despite, the glaring similarities between both countries, the author did a good job pointing out some of the vast differences between the two in the article. Therefore, the article highlighted a few concerns each country shared with the evaluation process at higher education institutions. I thought it was interesting that both countries take a totally different approach as it relates to the evaluation process in Argentina and Finland. The author also mentioned the distrust factor the Argentina has with the government conc erning higher education. However, I the article surprised meShow MoreRelatedThe Experimental And Analytical Studies1468 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past quarter century, many of both the experimental and analytical studies have increased dramatically on the monotonic behavior of FRP-confined concrete columns, and as a result, many axial stress-strain models have been proposed; however, most of them have focused largely on FRP-confined plain concrete cylinders numerous people tested (e.g., Mirmiran and Shahawy 1997; Mirmiran et al.1998; Xiao and Wu 2000; Lam and Teng 2002, 2003; Berthet et al.2005; Almusallam 2007; Benzaid et al.2008;Read MoreMechanical Properties Of High Strength Steel Essay938 Words   |  4 Pagesmechanical properties of high strength structural steel and mild structural steel at elevated tempera- tures. Mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures are important for fire resistant design of steel structures. 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Whenever necessary, changes will be proposed to these models in order to improve theRead MoreCustomer Relationship Management Is A Top Priority For Any Organization Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pagesto customer-centric. Customer relationship management has become a top priority for any organization. CRM has gained thrust, and organizations all over the world are implementing it to improve customer services, satisfaction and retention. In the current competitive environment, characterize by financial challenges and increasing competitiveness among organizations, success depends on organization’s ability to satisfy its customers. CRM is useful for any organization that allows them to identify changes

Research in Business Organizational Change in Multinational Corporati

Question: Discuss about the Research in Business for Organizational Change in Multinational Corporations. Answer: Introduction Automobile Industry is considered to be the technical marvel and the fastest growing sectors when concerned with changing consumer demands for styling, safety and comfort. The automobile industry has been facing its cross roads not only because of labour relations but also because of manufacturing efficiency (Mitchell, 2010). However, to analyse the change management in the automobile industry it is best suited that it can be analysed through the organizational performance and the challenges that the organizations faces while entering Asian market in comparison to a developed country like European market. The organizational change is often considered to be ambiguous whether changes are made externally or internally. However, this means there is a shift that managers need to adapt and to be sensitive to organizational performance. The influence of organizational change can be in form of structures as well as systems that are deeply embedded in the organization. However, any change manifested is trickier and needs a planned strategy to reinforce the desired culture especially in a multinational organization (Bolo, 2014). On the other hand, for a successful change to take place there should be a need of sense of urgency that is incorporated on the build vision through effective communication that removes obstacles and builds on the momentum. Problem Statement The extent to which the organizational change has affected the multinational corporations is been dependent on various factors that can be dealt on an overall basis. To begin with internal factor like dispositional distinctiveness and employee empowerment are the key contributions that can affect the organizational change behaviourally. However, the interaction of the environment resists changing irrespective of change content, individual differences or change process. On the other hand, when we talk about the change in the automobile industry pertaining to organizations like Toyota and Volkswagen which come under the category of the multinationals, it is often reviewed that there are certain effects that are taken into consideration. For example, the internal factors like tastes as well as income preferences can even impact the decision followed by the external factors like government regulations can even influence the purchase decision. However, as analysed from the given facts tha t external changes are driven by PESTEL (political, social-cultural, legal, economic, technology and environmental) trends (Rop, 2013). Moreover for an organization to respond to change is based on its core competence irrespective of any market it choose whether it is Asian or European. The challenges that are often possessed internally are based on structures, systems and processes that altogether guarantee the existence and the survival of the organizations in the changing dynamics. Nevertheless gap keeps on widening when the pace and direction of the globalisation changes the concepts that are globally developed and are implemented and the change management processes forms a shape (Bolo, 2014). Research Objectives The overall aim of the project is to investigate pertaining to factors that can make successful organizations in the automobile industry can lead to the certain problems while entering any other country. However, the study elaborates the impact of the change management and the effects that it may cause to the multinationals in the automobile industry. To elaborate more specifically, the research study following research questions. What are the key factors that influence organizational change in the automobile multinationals like Toyota and Volkswagen? What are the changes that can be determined when influenced by the expansion of multinationals in the Asian market as compared to European market? How the pace and direction of globalisation can affect the change management in MNCs and how the key personnel is affected during the process internally? Justification of the Project The valuation of the project can be based on the multinational corporations that depend on the development and implementation of the production concepts which can be seen in the organization taking few steps towards crucial changes in professionalism or organization structure or professionalism. The essence of the study lies in the changes that have been effectively engaged in the transition process. Moreover, the study has been subjected to automobile industry like Toyota and Volkswagen that will provide an insight on the global business environment and the way the changes have been adopted in the different markets. On the other hand, organization internally poses a challenge as it may lead to large superficial compliance due to the coercive pressure that has been decided by the values held within the organization. Moreover, the organizational changes can be beneficial if the leaders of the management conduit to an effective change (Fullan, 2014). In today's associations, the rate of progress has never been faster or steadier; subsequently, this study seen profoundly helped in the vitality of good change management preparing for supporting managers, in viably driving change all through their associations. As a result, this could be provided as a guide to the multinational corporations in the automobile industry (Bolo, 2014). Expected Research Output/ Outcome The expected research outcome of the project lies that change management impacts positively as well as negatively on the organizational performance especially in the automobile industry where the tastes and preferences of the customer keeps on changing. Moreover different styles exists in different organizations such that global flexibility in the system is more in the Asian market as compared to the European market because of the cross cultural training provided to the managers as well as the employees internally and the changing needs (Sun, Mellahi Thun, 2010). As the organization like Toyota and Volkswagen will continue to grow in the markets, they will continue experiencing the factors. As a result, the organization faces a lot of crunches in the Asian market due to the production costs s well as the total manufacturing output developed based on the sponsored initiative. Conversely, the strategic partnerships in European market has achieved a sophisticated as well as global netw ork which not only includes joint ventures but also possesses the production as well as assembly sites that lets the organization suffer many drastic change whether it is pertaining to production or technology (Waldchen, 2012). However, Volkswagen is produced in Europe but its market in Asia as to be fully based on value as well as engineering services based on the demand of the product. Conceptual Framework ad Research Outcomes The chapter focuses on the international business as well as the globalization firms in the automobile industry that seeks to identify the effect of change on the multinationals operations and the way they effect the change in different markets. Resource Dependence Theory Resource Dependence theory is based to form an alliance with the other organization to enhance the organizational autonomy as well as legitimacy. This theory mainly studies the external and environmental factors that not only affect the behaviour of the organization but also impact the change that needs to be manifested in the organization (Liu Ko, 2011). The environment to a significant degree contains different associations in the organization such that the need of resources in one organization is different from other. However, independent organizations chiefly can take help from other organizations in terms of resources. The theory highlights the other optimal divisions of the organizations through the basis of divisional structure that not only links the production strategies but also highlights the external organizational links with the multidimensional resources like raw material, labour or capital that comes to taking initiative from these resources. Nonetheless, the organizations moves forward with the principle of scarcity as well as criticality. Invariably when the shocks are introduced due to the new market then more strategies are applied whether it is through the association of the suppliers whether to integrate vertically or horizontally (Blair Kaserman, 2014). According to the firms environment, resource dependence concerns more with the organizations tat are externally applicable such that the non executive decisions have not only greater impact but also tied to the demand of the consumer on which the companies depend whether it is a locally formed organization or is a multinational cor poration (Hillman, Withers Collins, 2009). International Business in Multinational Corporations International business in a form of business organization adds to the dependency on the foreign trade depending on underling the factors to carry forward in a business. According to Cantwell, Dunning Lundan (2010), international business is dynamic and integrated and outlines the basic four elements like the globalisations process, international organizational change as well as business environment. Out of the for elements, the main focus relies on the globalization process, as the outlook of the organization needs to be changed in accordance with different cultures as well as communities such that the monopolists promote the globalisation. The challenges in the global environment can be well explained by the diagrams below. Figure: Global Business Environment Source: (Wild, 2010) The organizations have been extracting, processing as well as transporting the key requirements that not only fulfils the requirements in the home countries but also facilitates the business interests in the manufacturing countries. Multinational corporations have led to the development on international business market as well as international capital market that have led to transformations (Dunning, 2013). The organizational change and business environments have constantly been evolving and can be evident from the long term trend towards the national borders. However, organizations needs to follow rules in whichever country they operate based on the markets conditioning. Organizational Change: Management and Effect The theory of change management is based on the linkages that initiates a logical pathway for the change to occur depending on the nature of the change whether it short term, intermediate or long-term (Sharma, 2015). The concept includes many perspectives that accompany solutions from the bottom level of management to the top level of management. According to Weiss (2014), theory of change is indeterminate and is based on the assumption that takes short steps for the long term goal, while making connections between activities as well as outcomes that will help in fulfilling the change in the long-term. These changes effect the organizational change as well through the globalization of technology in the business environment or the idea of a revolutionized business. Conversely, a change can be differentiated depending on the nature of change whether it is negative or positive (Stone 2010). While keeping the nature of change; management decides the change to be implemented internally or externally starting with managing people through the training and learning of skills within the organization. On the contrary, the external effect is accounted by the availability and the knowledge accountability in the expansion of technology that builds a pressure on the management from the scrutiny from media as well as the stockholders (Heifetz, Grashow Linsky, 2009). However, major and fast authoritative change is significantly troublesome on the grounds that the structure, society, and schedules of associations regularly mirror a tenacious and hard to-evacuate "engraving" of past periods, which are impervious to radical change even as the present environment of the association changes quickly (Clark Taplin, 2012). The two models that briefly describe the change are Kotters 8-Step Change Model as well as Kublers Change model that are adapted in the organization. The brief explanation is given in the diagrams below. Figure: Kotter 8-Step Change Model Source: (Kotter, 2012) Figure: Kubler Ross Change Curve Source: (Thuijsman, 2015) Automobile Industry in Different Markets: Asian and European Market The economics of change in the automobile industry can majorly be affected by the risks that the mature markets like Asia and Europe can face. However, today the automobile industry is facing challenges because of capacity, competitors, production and redundancy and overlap of the global price war. In European Market The automobile industry is far equipped and primarily represents 9% of the manufacturing sector to the economy. The industry characteristics highlights that the market is sophisticated in global network which not only includes production or cooperatives but also leads to the intense competition that can be considered to be the effect that the change management can enforce on the product from Asian market. Although, the market produces, many brands like General Motors, Volkswagen and Fiat but Volkswagen is the one that faces competition in the Asian market as the consumer demand is very peculiar and the demand for sch high priced automobiles is less. However, as a matter of fact, lastly, services are valued in Asian market based on the engineering and design of the European market (Nag, Banerjee Chatterjee, 2007). In Asian Market Asian Market is well drive by the Japan as well as Thailand industries that represents 13% on the output in the manufacturing sector. Asian market is majorly driven by FDI of Japan. However, apart from theist e change has been initiated by the sponsored initiatives taken b countries like Korea, China and India where they are developing automobiles indigenous base (Horaguchi Shimokawa, 2013). However, others are driven by multinationals as it supports to provide a broader market. However, Asian market in EU is mostly profitable. The major players in the ASEA are Toyota, Suzuki, GM and Hyundai. However, the market is slow, when it comes to adapting to organization change as countries are expected to increase the rate by 10-20% but with lack of resources and globalisation process it is still striving. Nonetheless, the adoption of AFTA is expected to lower the challenges and effects of change management in organization performance as well as it will help in providing a regional export m arket (Nag, Banerjee Chatterjee, 2007). Based on the problem statement and the research objectives, the research hypothesis tat can be developed in the study are: Ho: Null Hypothesis: Change management does not have any impact on organizational performance for large and multinational organizations H1: Alternate Hypothesis: Change management does creates an impact on organizational performance for large and multinational organizations Methodology The methodologies that can be adopted effectively to evaluate the research proposal is given as: Literature Review There is a need of the thorough analysis of the relevant literature taken and applied from various sources like Google Scholar, Emerald Insights as well as Peer reviewed journals by several authors. However, the thematic analysis has played a vital role in examining the study of change management on organizational performance. Data Series and Research Methods The research proposal has taken the thematic as well as data related content from the journals as well as educational websites to attain an idea of change management in automobile industry. The data series and methods are analysed on two different methods broadly that is Online Survey based Questionnaire and focussed interview groups. Survey Based Questionnaire The survey based questionnaire will be handed to a total of 30 respondents who will be based on stratified random sampling of two organizations - Toyota and Volkswagen in the automobile industry. However, the respondents will be given the questionnaire after getting the consent signed that their personal information would remain confidential. Nonetheless, the questionnaire will be based on the 5 point Likert Scale ( where Strongly Agree = 5 to Strongly Disagree = 1) (Fan Yan, 2010). However, the questions will be based on the effects of change management that the organization Volkswagen and Toyota face while entering in Asian and European market respectively. Focus Interview Groups The focus interview groups is taken evaluated on the primary data on the group of eight to ten people in a group interview (Stewart Shamdasani, 2014). However, this data will be qualitative in nature as the knowledge of change management will be gathered based on the understanding of human interactions and perceptions regarding the subject. Observing Key Indicators The key indicators mentioned will be pointing out the globalization process and business environment both internally as well as externally. Data Analysis Methods The two methods that will be advocated in the research are qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method will be advocated in the focus research interviews on the primary data whereas quantitative method will be advocated on survey questionnaire on the secondary data. The techniques that will be essentially used for the quantitative data will be based on the descriptive statistics and multiple regression model sch that effects of change management will be termed as independent variables and organizational performance will be termed as dependent variables (Hantrais Mangen, 2013). However, the regression analysis will test the hypothesis and will consider the likelihood of Type I and Type II errors. On the other hand, the data collected will be analysed using the statistical tool, SPSS were the compiled raw data will be transferred from Excel. Te research will be based on the Asian as well as European market of automobiles industry on deciding the strategy used in te markets for adapting the change management However, for analysing the data, the concepts from literature will help in establishing the relationships and comparing the results of theory with the data. Lastly, the research findings will be discussed on the online questionnaire as well as focussed research interviews Organization of the Study The framework of the study will be followed as Chapter One will be the Research Proposal as drawn in this assignment. Chapter Two will depict the study of change management on organizational performance of the multinational corporation highlighting the automobile industry in Asian and European market. Chapter Three will comprise of the framework of methodology literature review and data surveys (data collection methods), observing key indicators and data analysis methods in the research. Chapter Four will report the Findings and Discussions of the research Chapter Five will summarize the important findings and discuss their implications of analyzing the change management in the automobile industry. Gantt chart The following table highlights the timeline for the research proposal to be completed. Task Start Date Duration End Date Project Proposal 17-Sep 15.00 02-Oct Literature Review 03-Oct 60.00 04-Jan Data Collection 05-Jan 55.00 29-Feb Data Analysis 01-Mar 30.00 31-Mar Final Report Submission 01-Apr 31.00 30-Apr Project Budget and Budget Justification The budget for the proposed research was nearby to $4500 to complete the research in the designed framework for 1st April 2016 as mentioned in the Gantt chart above. The literature review undertakes the se of peer reviewed journals as well as published journals in emerald insights with the text books to a have a proper knowledge which were costly. The cost came out to be as $1000 Data Collection techniques were in the form of online questionnaires as well as focussed interview groups involved much cost as organizations had to be approached in person and the data collected on interviews were to be recorded whereas questionnaire even involved costs because it needed to be filled by the respondents. However, the travelling cost and postal services were availed which costed to be around $2700 On the other hand, in order to access charts and company as well as market figures, some of the budget was allocated to this purpose even. The cost came out to be $800. References Blair, R. D., Kaserman, D. L. (2014).Law and economics of vertical integration and control. Academic Press. Bolo, W. A. (2014).Organizational change in multinational corporations: a case study of ecolab-nalco mergerin Kenya(Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). Cantwell, J., Dunning, J. H., Lundan, S. M. (2010). An evolutionary approach to understanding international business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the institutional environment.Journal of International Business Studies,41(4), 567-586. Clark, H, and Taplin, D. (2012). Theory of Change Basics: A Primer on Theory of Change. New York: Acknowledge. Dunning, J. H. (2013).Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business)(Vol. 13). Routledge. Fan, W., Yan, Z. (2010). Factors affecting response rates of the web survey: A systematic review.Computers in human behavior,26(2), 132-139. Fullan, M. (2014).Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Hantrais, L., Mangen, S. (Eds.). (2013).Cross-national research methodology and practice. Routledge. Heifetz, R. A., Grashow, A., Linsky, M. (2009).The practice of adaptive leadership: Tools and tactics for changing your organization and the world. Harvard Business Press. Hillman, A. J.,Withers, M. C. and B. J. Collins (2009). "Resource dependence theory: A review." Journal of Management 35: 1404-1427. Horaguchi, H., Shimokawa, K. (Eds.). (2013).Japanese foreign direct investment and the East Asian industrial system: case studies from the automobile and electronics industries. Springer Science Business Media. Kotter, J. (2012). The 8-step process for leading change.Kotter International. Liu, G., Ko, W. W. (2011). An analysis of cause-related marketing implementation strategies through social alliance: Partnership conditions and strategic objectives.Journal of Business Ethics,100(2), 253-281. Mitchell, W. J. (2010).Reinventing the automobile: Personal urban mobility for the 21st century. MIT press. Nag, B., Banerjee, S., Chatterjee, R. (2007). Changing features of the automobile industry in Asia: comparison of production, trade and market structure in selected countries.Asia-Pacific Research and training network on Trade, Working paper series,37. Rop, K. (2013). A case study of firms quoted in the NSE in Kenya on strategies adopted by MNEs in response to political changes, Unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi Sharma, C., 2015. Change Management. InBusiness Process Transformation(pp. 123-146). Springer India. Stewart, D. W., Shamdasani, P. N. (2014).Focus groups: Theory and practice(Vol. 20). Sage Publications. Stone, K. B. (2010).Relationships between organizational performance and change factors and manufacturing firms' leanness. Colorado State University. Sun, P., Mellahi, K., Thun, E. (2010). The dynamic value of MNE political embeddedness: The case of the Chinese automobile industry.Journal of International Business Studies,41(7), 1161-1182. Thuijsman, T., 2015. Leadership styles and their influence on employees regarding the acceptance of organizational change. Wldchen, D. (2012). Catch up processes in the global automobile industry. Weiss, J. W. (2014).Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Wild J. J. (2010). International Business: The Challenges of Globalization, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill

The Librarian Review Essay Example

The Librarian Review Paper Essay on The Librarian Like many took to read this book because of the Booker. Otherwise, it is unlikely to hit me in the arm. I read with the feeling that there is not rarely as clear, but to say that like it happened or power connection, emotional or intellectual pleasure or shock no. The book is written well and professionally, the language is good, from the philological point of view, to find fault difficult. Why the book is not like so much? Rejection appears to cause the contents. In my view, to understand the meaning of this novel can only be a person, even if a child catches the Soviet system. The youth of today, though, and carries the blood of their own Soviet their parents really feel nostalgic for the time unable to matter and perceives the content of both fiction and not as a figurative reality. Libraries, as a group of warring readers of the books of a Gromov, books, nonsensical content, but can be administered in different emotional state after reading them. These groups unsuited marginal, naive and violent, capable of self-sacrifice and accidents to the bone. They are deceived and forced to fight for any interests, which prove to be a struggle for power and influence of the leaders of these groups, libraries, their opaque arrangements and betrayals. The rank and file fighters libraries with their revolutionary and insane, senseless militant enthusiasm, that life has no meaning outside of these associations. Mokhov crazy old woman from a nursing home, which becomes for the main character Moirae fate. Jungian archetypal old women, the electorate in real life that sizzles in the youth back: They want to live well, not as we want what Evo! They actually choose us power. All this Soviet our lives, thats what we do not want to accept, reject Elizarova novel. We want to tell fantasy, nonsense, nonsense, lies, trash, just would not admit that its crazy reality of our existence. It is understandable why, instead of isolation and explaining the events of the author hands of c razy old women puts the main character in a dungeon from which there is no hope of escape. No physical liberty in our world, and only the adoption of this and understand that freedom can only be internal, hero reconciles with his position. Realizing its mission, he sits and pishet- is the only thing he can do in this world deprived of their liberty, it is his mission and his ministry in the name of unknown meaning of the universe. The Librarian Review Essay Example The Librarian Review Paper Essay on The Librarian Recently, I reflect on the following pattern: books, winning various literary prizes (in particular, this novel won the Russian Booker), do not get recognition from the general reader The Neanderthals, highbrow, cronyism and money Whats going on? Readers weight dropped to the Neanderthals? is completely divorced from the people Critics? We will write a custom essay sample on The Librarian Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Librarian Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Librarian Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Or, as they say insulted the authors and their fans premiums , everything is decided by cronyism and money Talk about it with different people -?. This is the place to be all put together, and so was at all times. Mass reader is always not very bestowed the book, which are then entered into the world classics. Critics and experts are always cooked to your saucepan. A pull money and no one has ever been canceled and will not call, because people want stability. So nothing new is happening, said one of them Who am I And I decided to define who I am.? If I think I like the one who wins the prize, it means that I do not hamadryad differently, having learned to read, but something a little more complicated. If we are not special, then at least a person with a strong taste. Got Librarian. I read, pozeval, ponasiloval himself has read. No, the taste I did not have. I have this book is not something that first gave, I would have it, probably at the reception stage still rejected. So, I hamadryad? Its a shame it became to recognize. Maybe it through connections or a grandmother, and I here omit yourself? I go into the question. I decided to read what others have written about it. For if through connections, the majority of specialists have to curse, and those that Grandma got to be a little bit, because less money than specialists, and all of them can not buy, and therefore those who have not received, write the truth. Specialists praise, almost all. It turns out, not for the grandmother. Dai, I think, poizuchat ratings. too bad standing in the rankings. I climbed up on the reader forums. If the book diverges so, it means that people have and simple, like me, write something. Yeah, odds, she won the award because, of course. The award it is always intriguing. Reviews conflicting someone praises, but most of the people spat at best perplexed. In short, I hit it again to the crowd, which did not like this novel. He even wanted to read it, understand what Im in it and did not understand what the depth of thought and what beauty is not appreciated. However, he could not, the taste is not enough, and thats it. Potoskoval I potoskoval and was forced to plead final gamadrily without any literary taste, and crashed my self-esteem lower than five cockroaches in the deepest basement Im a man of the crowd -. I, for the most part, like in modern literature all that everybody likes. Note that there is not a success, and that like. Success can be achieved technically, but love is not. It is love that gives the most reliable and long lasting success, which does not always happen at the start of a deafening, because they love quietly to myself. So what I mean? Do not provoked this book at I love her, in spite of the success with the spices and even a good sales in the masses, Ive also bought. Eh. What love the phenomenon would be enigmatic even a man of the crowd, as it does not explain the chemistry and advertising technologies. Even what may this book will go into the world classics and will live forever, and me with my opinions and dust does not remain, not shaken my heart.

An Introduction to Black Holes

An Introduction to Black Holes Black holes are objects in the universe with so much mass trapped inside their boundaries that they have incredibly strong gravitational fields. In fact, the gravitational force of a black hole is so strong that nothing can escape once it has gone inside. Not even light can escape a black hole, it is trapped inside along with stars, gas, and dust. Most black holes contain many times the mass of our Sun and the heaviest ones can have millions of solar masses. This computer-simulated image shows a supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy. The black region in the center represents the black holes event horizon, where no light can escape the massive objects gravitational grip. The black holes powerful gravity distorts space around it like a funhouse mirror. Light from background stars is stretched and smeared as the stars skim by the black hole. NASA, ESA, and D. Coe, J. Anderson, and R. van der Marel (Space Telescope Science Institute), Science Credit: NASA, ESA, C.-P. Ma (University of California, Berkeley), and J. Thomas (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany). Despite all that mass, the actual singularity that forms the core of the black hole has never been seen or imaged. It is, as the word suggests, a tiny point in space, but it has a LOT of mass. Astronomers are only able to study these objects through their effect on the material that surrounds them.  The material around the black hole forms a rotating disk that lies just beyond a region called the event horizon, which is the gravitational point of no return. The Structure of a Black Hole The basic building block of the black hole is the singularity: a pinpoint region of space that contains all the mass of the black hole. Around it is a region of space from which light cannot escape, giving the black hole its name. The outer edge of this region is what forms the event horizon. Its the invisible boundary where the pull of the gravitational field is equal to the speed of light. Its also where gravity and light speed are balanced. The event horizons position depends on the gravitational pull of the black hole. Astronomers calculate the location of an event horizon around a black hole using the equation  Rs 2GM/c2.  R is the radius of the singularity,  G is the force of gravity, M is the mass, c is the speed of light.   Black Hole Types and How They Form There are different types of black holes, and they come about in different ways. The most common type is known as a stellar-mass black hole.  These contain roughly up to a few times the mass of our Sun, and form when large main sequence stars (10 - 15 times the mass of our Sun) run out of nuclear fuel in their cores. The result is a massive supernova explosion that blasts the stars outer layers to space. Whats left behind collapses to create a black hole. An artists conception of a stellar-mass black hole (in blue) hat likely formed when a supermassive star collapsed, feeding from material ejected by a nearby star. ESA, NASA and Felix Mirabel) The two other types of black holes are supermassive black holes (SMBH) and micro black holes. A single SMBH can contain the mass of millions or billions of suns. Micro black holes are, as their name implies, very tiny. They might have perhaps only 20 micrograms of mass. In both cases, the mechanisms for their creation are not entirely clear. Micro black holes exist in theory but have not been directly detected. Supermassive black holes are found to exist in the cores of most galaxies  and their origins are still hotly debated. Its  possible that supermassive black holes  are the result of a merger between smaller, stellar-mass black holes and other matter. Some astronomers suggest that they might be created when a single highly massive (hundreds of times the mass of the Sun) star collapses.  Either way, they are massive enough to affect the galaxy in many ways, ranging from effects on starbirth rates to the orbits of stars and material in their near vicinity. Many galaxies have supermassive black holes at their cores. If they are actively eating, then they give off huge jets and are known as active galactic nuclei. NASA/JPL-Caltech Micro black holes, on the other hand, could be created during the collision of two very high-energy particles. Scientists suggest this happens continuously in the upper atmosphere of Earth and is likely to happen during particle physics experiments at such places as CERN.   How Scientists Measure Black Holes Since light can not escape from the region around a black hole affected  by the event horizon, nobody can really see a black hole. However, astronomers can measure and characterize them by the effects they have on their surroundings. Black holes that are near other objects exert a gravitational effect on them. For one thing, mass can also be determined by the orbit of material around the black hole. A model of a black hole surrounded by heated ionized) material. This may be what the black hole in the Milky Way looks like. Brandon DeFrise Carter, CC0, Wikimedia.  Ã‚  Ã‚   In practice, astronomers deduce the presence of the black hole by studying how light behaves around it. Black holes, like all massive objects, have enough gravitational pull to bend lights path as it passes by. As stars behind the black hole move relative to it, the light emitted by them will appear distorted, or the stars will appear to move in an unusual way. From this information, the position and mass of the black hole can be determined. This is especially apparent in galaxy clusters where the combined mass of the clusters, their dark matter,  and their black holes create oddly-shaped arcs and rings by bending the light of more distant objects as it passes by.   Astronomers can also see black holes by the radiation the heated material around them gives off, such as radio or x rays.  The speed of that material also gives important clues to the characteristics of the black hole its trying to escape. Hawking Radiation The final way that astronomers could possibly detect a black hole is through a mechanism known as Hawking radiation. Named for the famed theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking, Hawking radiation is a consequence of thermodynamics that requires that energy escape from a black hole. The basic idea is that, due to natural interactions and fluctuations in the vacuum, the matter will be created in the form of an electron and anti-electron (called a positron). When this occurs near the event horizon, one particle will be ejected away from the black hole, while the other will fall into the gravitational well. To an observer, all that is seen is a particle being emitted from the black hole. The particle would be seen as having positive energy. This means, by symmetry, that the particle that fell into the black hole would have negative energy. The result is that as a black hole ages, it loses energy, and therefore loses mass (by Einsteins famous equation, EMC2,  where Eenergy, Mmass, and C is the speed of light). Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Political Significance of the News Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Significance of the News Media - Essay Example The central point in our paper will try to close upon the actual significance of news media in registering and reflecting the socio-political transitions against a global mirror. By comparing and contrasting the viewpoints of the libertarian socialist Noam Chomsky, who concentrates on the aspect of totalitarianism practised by the radio stations, television, newspapers and cables in the name of global voice and that of the Glasgow Media Group, which adapts a somewhat open approach to critically define the nature of media coverage by the developed part of the world. There is an astonishing disparity between the news and the story featured by most of the popular media groups for public presentation, thereby manipulating the political discourse in an unprecedented manner. Keeping this in mind, we will take the discussion ahead with the similar and contrasting views on News Media of Noam Chomsky and the Glasgow Media Group. Noam Chomsky has been one of the leading authorities on linguistics, political thought and philosophy of the 20th century. Always known for his unique thoughts, Chomsky has written a great deal about the role of mass media in a democratic state. Asserting that the world of the News Media was dominated by the rich and the wealthy, Chomsky highlighted the narrowness of perspective of this medium (Stark, 1998). In discussing about the media, Chomsky further pointed out that newspapers which reached the masses at large, have witnessed a dwindling of their significance with the sudden surge of the television. With televised news and advertisements being controlled by the wealthy corporate, newspapers have become costlier to the regular reader. Chomsky raised his voice against this very 'corporatisation' of the media. Instead of serving as a strong vehicle of providing real news, the media has almost become a money making machine. Depriving the common man of stirring social and political problems and belittling other important issues, (Scannell, et al, 279), the media has simply become a marketing tool, catering to the needs of the so-called buyers and sellers. Press conferences have attained an unprecedented significance, supplying news continuously, in turn publicizing the role of the government and other business groups. Talking about world politics, Chomsky mentioned that the media championed the U.S government policies, underlining the benevolence of the country. Moving away from these sycophantic assumptions, Chomsky described the role of the News media in analyzing US foreign policy. The news media was strongly influenced by government policy making (Institute of Communication Studies, 2001). In Chomsky's words, the U.S. foreign policy was marked by unique patterns. Adding on to the four freedoms, which Roosevelt propagated during the World War II, of speech, worship, want and freedom from fear, Chomsky spoke of a fifth freedom in U.S. foreign policy. He called this freedom, the right to rob and exploit. Chomsky and co-author Hermann affirmed that the U.S. encroached upon the human rights of a few dependant economies,

Walt Whitman's Idea of Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Walt Whitman's Idea of Women - Essay Example A look into his works, that are, at times, vivid with sexuality, proves that his works are a mixture of transcendentalism and realism, where he found females equal to males, and in fact, more important than males. However, he himself seems highly influenced by the social and religious norms that surrounded him in the 19th century that he could not see any other role for women other than household works, procreation of healthy offspring for the state, and keeping themselves healthy and willing to overtly express their sexual desires. Moreover, in his attempt to show the importance of females, he ends up giving them more importance than males because of their higher role in reproduction. In my opinion, Whitman is one among the many sex radicals of the 19th century, and though he proposed revolutionary ideologies on free expression of female sexuality, they are clouded by his own expression of male dominance in his works. This makes his position as a feminist a matter of controversy. Tr aditional roles of women in Whitman’s works Killingsworth admits the fact that for many scholars, Whitman’s females are nothing more than ‘functional creatures’ with just muscles and wombs (1). In addition, there comes the allegation that their only functions are sex and birth. This allegation seems substantiated in many of his writings. In ‘A woman waits for me’, he points out â€Å"yet all were lacking†¦if the moisture of the right man were lacking† (A woman waits for me). Here, instead of the desire to reform female covert expression of sex, the main intention seems to be the desire to make them cope with the unquenched sexual desires of the male-dominated society. As one moves ahead, there is the evident expression of what a chauvinist prefers to see in the females with whom he wants to have sex. â€Å"They are tann’d in the face by shining suns and blowing winds/ Their flesh has the old divine suppleness and strength/ They know how to swim, row, ride, wrestle, shoot, run, strike, retreat, advance, resist, defend themselves.† However, for a woman who possesses all these qualities, the duty Whitman gives is â€Å"I shall demand perfect men and women out of my love spendings.† Thus, it becomes very evident that though he seems careful about the health and wellbeing of females, the two responsibilities they are supposed to do, according to him, are healthy procreation and healthy sex. However, this conception about his intentions is, to a great extent, removed when one looks into his Prose Writings (II, 37 2n). He points out that the sole way to a reconstructed society depends on â€Å"new birth, elevation, expansion, invigoration of women, affording, for races to come†¦ a perfect motherhood† (qtd. Killingsworth, 3). Here, though his outlook is justified remarkably, it seems that his intention to elevate females is based on the need to ensure proper motherhood; not for female s’ sake. However, a look into the Prose Works of 1892 reveals that his intention was not only to make females willing to procreate healthy generation, but the kind of women he envisioned would be â€Å"robust equals, workers, and even practical and political deciders with men† (Whitman, Prose Works). Thus, in the opinion of people

Home Furnishings bedding Essay Example for Free

Home Furnishings bedding Essay Home furnishing has many areas that furnish bedrooms with frames, comforters, sheets and dressers and much more. A home furnishing is a way to personalize the house whether it’s with the help of professionals or simple your own ideas. The company Polo Ralph Lauren founded in 1967 and their main headquarter is currently in New York. Ralph Lauren was the one who founded the company which he is the CEO, Chairman, and chief designer for the company. The company also sells products for men, women, and children, accessories, fragrances, and home furnishings. It operates in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Ralph Lauren first launch his home collection in 1985 including bedding, including bedding, towels, area rugs and much more. Home furnishings include bedding and with the bedding department it has mattress size, pillows, sheets and blanket, and quilts. The mattress size is important because it depend the size of the sleeper and the dimensions of the bedroom. The smallest size of the bedding dimensions is the twin size which has a dimension of 39 by 76 inches. The next size is the full size mattresses measure 54 by 75 inches and â€Å"queens add an extra 6 inches to the full-size width and 5 inches to the length. Standard king mattresses have ample room with a 78 inch width and 80 inches in length. †(ProQuest) The pillows come in different size to match the bed and all the pillows are 20 inches in width and in length it varieties. Pillow cases and sheets are sold in pairs or separately. They are sold separately because it allows the customers to pick their own design, how they want their sleeping environment to look like. They sell separately because something consumers does not like the designs so they rather buy the design that they are comfortable. The construction of pillowcases, sheets and shams varieties and the most popular fabric use in this is woven. The next fabric is â€Å"Cotton and cotton/poly dominates the market. Cotton gives absorbency while polyester gives durability and wrinkle resistance. Most sheets are made with spun yarns. †(Hoovers) Muslin and percale sheets are the most common. Muslin sheets are made from carded yarns while Percale is made out from combed yarns. Other type of fabrics is sateen, satin, flannel, or knitted jersey or tricot. It’s important to pay attention the caring part because there are some sheets, pillowcases that can easily get damaged. The white sheets should be machine was only and dry according to manufacturer’s instructions. Do not combine dark colors with beach and only apply beach on white sheets. It’s good to rotated and avoid using the same set also using a mattress pad or covers to protect the sheets will extend the life of the bottom sheets. â€Å"Ralph Lauren has grown from being a mono-brand US centric menswear wholesaler to designer manufacturer and wholesaler of global luxury lifestyle brands for men, women and children. † (Business source Swot analysis). Ralph Lauren has many products that can offer to their customers because it’s a growing industry. Some of the brands and names of Ralph Lauren include Polo by Ralph, Lauren, Purple Label, Club Monaco, Rugby, Ralph Lauren Womens Collection, Black Label, Blue Label and Lauren by Ralph Lauren, among others. The successes of the brands are due to the official outfitter of the 2008 US Olympic and Paralympics teams by the United States Olympic Committee in 2008. It has sign a five year contract with RA to outfit all the members staffing and all the officials in the Open Championship up to 2016. Ralph Lauren distributes their products through and foreign and domestic network. It has a successful global distribution network which allows â€Å"its merchandises to be sold in a total of nearly 9,000 retailers worldwide, ranging from high-end department stores such as Neiman Marcus to discount retailers such as TJ Maxx. † (Business source). Ralph Lauren is divided into three segments the first one is wholesales, the second one is retail, and the third one is licensing. Licensing is very important because any product whether in-house produced or licensed, have to be designed by Mr.  Lauren and his design staff. All of his home furnishings products are produce by his licensing partners who has the right to sell them whether it’s internationally or domestic. It has multiple channels where they distribute their products. Ralph Lauren has 201 factory stores worldwide and 178 full-price retail stores. It also has â€Å"474 concessions-based shop-within-shops, and six e -commerce websites. The full-price retail stores range in the size of approximately 800 to 38,000 square feet and are situated in major upscale street locations and upscale regional malls in large urban markets. (Business Source). Most of these factory stores are located in outlet malls. Some of the factories have a length of 2500 to 20,000 feet in the Americans 1,400 to 19,700 square feet in Europe and from 2,800 to 11,800 square feet in Asia. It also operates a concessions-based shop-within-shops that has around 209 retail locations dedicated to Ralph Lauren-branded products. Most of the shops-within shops are located in Asia and the size of this concessions-base is approximately 180 to 4,300 square feet. The company has a successful globe distribution that allows merchandise to be in 9,000 retails worldwide. Home furnishings by Ralph Lauren afford their customers a feature that has a â€Å"contemporary, creative style and also employs ticking-striped patterns, industrial accents and flea-market-inspired finds to create an unexpected rustic look. † (Ralph Lauren). The company wants their customers to be happy with their product and that’s way they offer the best quality with the best material so that their customers can come back to the company and purchase more. Polo Ralph Lauren’s status as a premier lifestyle brand supports higher product margins, product extensions, and consumer loyalty. The company long-term annually grow is 20% to 30 % on their distribution. This company has a price range to be higher because Ralph Lauren is one of the premier consumer lifestyle brands with considerable brand equity. The company has strong brand equity because it has â€Å"capitalized on its strong fashion design and effective marketing to build a premier lifestyle brand with global revenue exceeding an estimated $5 billion, including licensees. (Business Source). It also states that the company is one of the few† brands capable of developing a portfolio of products and brands ranging from the moderately priced Chaps by Ralph Lauren to the luxury priced Purple and Black Labels. † (Business Source). The company has many ways to merchandises their products which include websites, outlet malls, factories and much more. In addition to these, the company sells its products through three websites in the US, including ralphLauren. com, rugby. com and clubmonaco. com, the company has more websites in the European part. Only the Unites States the company has acquire new customers about 600,000 customers. Only selling from website in helps the company to reach wider customers and faster than any other companies. Not only do they sell their merchandise over the internet they sell it through catalogs, retail stores for example Macys and high ended department store. Not any department store can sell Ralph Lauren products because they must have a license with the company itself. The company chose high end department stores because they know their customers and also because they have loyal customers who love to shop in this high-end department stores. Also because the brand of the product will distinguish how the material is made and how good of a quality it is. There are many rules and regulations when it comes to â€Å"all products categorized as linens must be labeled in accordance with the laws that relate to the consumption of textile products. The Textile Fiber Products Act (TFPIA) requires that generic fiber names and fiber content be listed on the label and flammability standards for mattress†. (Hoovers). The company’s name is build around the highest ethical and legal standards.  Ralph Lauren is guided by the â€Å"California Transparent Act which states that all of its suppliers to prohibit the hiring of slave labor and prevent practices that could contribute to human trafficking. 1. verify product supply chains using third party auditors to ensure that our product supply chains are compliant with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 2. conduct independent audits of our suppliers to evaluate their compliance with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 3. equire certification by our suppliers that materials incorporated into our products comply with our Operating Guidelines and all applicable laws and regulations prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking in countries where our suppliers are doing business; 4. maintain internal accountability standards and procedures for employees and contractors failing to meet our Operating Guidelines prohibiting slave labor and human trafficking; 5. provide training for our supply chain executives and employees on the prevention of human trafficking and slave labor. †(RalphLauren. om) The company is always doing things to change the product and to promote new products to their loyal customers. Ralph Lauren will launch new lines and maintain brand strength. The company views the internet as the number one source of future growth that will increase very fast. They are advertising and marketing in a unique form associate with distinct design, luxury and quality. Retail stores are still very important because it’s the foundation and the growth of the company and it has given the â€Å"confidence to apply its expertise to wholesale business, including erchandise mix, visual presentation and excellent customer service. † (Valuation Reports). Ralph Lauren wants to expand to new products with new categories in different parts of the world. In conclusion the company has many things to offer to their loyal customers and expanding everything to new places and expanding new product will definitely have new customers. It’s important for the company to keep the good quality and good merchandise because it’s a way to stay in business for much longer.